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The public sphere (German: ''ドイツ語:Öffentlichkeit'') is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. Communication scholar Gerard Hauser has defined it as "a discursive space in which individuals and groups associate to discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a common judgment about them."〔Hauser, Gerard A. (1999). ''(Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres )''. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 61; a similar formulation is found in: , p. 86. See also: G. T. Goodnight (1982). "The Personal, Technical, and Public Spheres of Argument". ''Journal of the American Forensics Association''. 18:214-227.〕 The public sphere can be seen as "a theater in modern societies in which political participation is enacted through the medium of talk"〔 Also published in 1992 in 〕 and "a realm of social life in which public opinion can be formed". Describing the emergence of the public sphere in the 18th century, Jürgen Habermas noted that the public realm, or sphere, originally was "coextensive with public authority",〔 Translation from the original German, published 1962.〕 while "the private sphere comprised civil society in the narrower sense, that is to say, the realm of commodity exchange and of social labor".〔Habermas 1989, p.30〕 Whereas the "sphere of public authority" dealt with the state, or realm of the police, and the ruling class,〔 the "authentic 'public sphere, in a political sense, arose at that time from within the private realm, specifically, in connection with literary activities, the world of letters.〔Habermas 1989, p. 30-31.〕 This new public sphere spanned the public and the private realms, and "through the vehicle of public opinion it put the state in touch with the needs of society."〔Habermas 1989, p. 31.〕 "This area is conceptually distinct from the state: it () a site for the production and circulation of discourses that can in principle be critical of the state." The public sphere 'is also distinct from the official economy; it is not an arena of market relations but rather one of discursive relations, a theater for debating and deliberating rather than for buying and selling."〔 These distinctions between "state apparatuses, economic markets, and democratic associations...are essential to democratic theory."〔 The people themselves came to see the public sphere as a regulatory institution against the authority of the state.〔Habermas 1989, p.27〕 The study of the public sphere centers on the idea of participatory democracy, and how public opinion becomes political action. The basic ideal belief in public sphere theory is that the government's laws and policies should be steered by the public sphere, and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere. "Democratic governance rests on the capacity of and opportunity for citizens to engage in enlightened debate". Much of the debate over the public sphere involves what is the basic theoretical structure of the public sphere, how information is deliberated in the public sphere, and what influence the public sphere has over society. ==Definitions of the public sphere== What does it mean that something is “public”? Jürgen Habermas says, "We call events and occasions ‘public’ when they are open to all, in contrast to closed or exclusive affairs"〔.〕 This notion of the public becomes evident in terms such as public health, public education, public opinion or public ownership. They are opposed to the notions of private health, private education, private opinion, and private ownership. The notion of the public is intrinsically connected to the notion of the private. Habermas stresses that the notion of the public is related to the notion of the common. For Hannah Arendt, the public sphere is therefore “the common world” that “gathers us together and yet prevents our falling over each other”. Habermas defines the public sphere as a “society engaged in critical public debate”. Conditions of the public sphere are according to Habermas: * The formation of public opinion * All citizens have access. * Conference in unrestricted fashion (based on the freedom of assembly, the freedom of association, the freedom to expression and publication of opinions) about matters of general interest, which implies freedom from economic and political control. * Debate over the general rules governing relations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「public sphere」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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